Heat

What is heat?
Heat is the form of energy that can move from a hotter to cooler place.

What is Thermal equilibrium?
In My Own Words,
Thermal equilibrium is equal temperature between two objects.
Heat travels from a hotter to cooler object.
When Thermal Equilibrium occurs,
The temperature of the cooler object rises.
The temperature of the hotter object falls.
This carries on until it reaches equal temperature. This is Thermal Equilibrium...

Extra questions:

What is Static equilibrium?
The special case of mechanical equilibrium of a stationary object is static equilibrium. For example, a paperweight on a desk would be in static equilibrium...
Taken from: Wikipedia.org

What is Dynamic Equilibrium?
Dynamic Equilibrium has a lot of definetions.
1. A condition in which all acting influences are canceled by others, resulting in a stable, balanced, or unchanging system.
2. Mental or emotional balance; poise.
3. Physics. The state of a body or physical system at rest or in unaccelerated motion in which the resultant of all forces acting on it is zero and the sum of all torques about any axis is zero.
4. Chemistry. The state of a chemical reaction in which its forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates so that the concentration of the reactants and products does not change with time.
Taken from: http://www.answers.com/topic/dynamic-equilibrium

What is Convection, Conduction and Radiation

Conduction is the movement of heat through a material without obvious movement of the material itself. (Usually occurs in solids)
Convection is the movement of heat through a material by the movement of itself.(Usually occurs in liquids)
Radiation is the transfer of heat energy through empty space. (Radiation is the only thing that can occur in Vacuums)

Land Breeze and Sea Breeze...When does it occur?
Land Breeze occurs in the Night while Sea Breeze occurs in the Day.

It is all due to conduction and convection. In the day, Sea Breeze occurs. The sea cools faster than the land. The sea is warmed by the sun to a greater depth than the land. The sea therefore has a greater capacity for absorbing heat than the land, so the surface of the sea warms up more slowly than the land's surface.

As the temperature of the land rises, the land heats the air above it. The warm air is less dense and so it rises. This rising air over the land lowers the sea level pressure. The cooler air above the sea, flows towards the land, creating a cooler breeze near the coast. This cycle repeats again.
Land Breeze, which occurs in the night, is the opposite
A: Sea Breeze
B: Land Breeze

Uncle Tom's Milk

Case Study 1
Uncle Tom lives in Frankfurt, Germany. There, milk is delivered in glass bottles to the doorstep of almost every house. Each milk bottle is sealed with a heavy paper cap. The milk bottles have to be brought quickly into the house, especially when outside temperature is below freezing.

One day, Uncle Tom forgot to bring in the milk bottles into the house. When he realized and went out to check on the milk, he found that the bottles were opened and the milk was all over the ground. It was a cold winter.

Problems With the Case Study

Problem 1:
“Each milk bottle is sealed with a heavy paper cap.”
Paper Caps? Shouldn’t it be metal caps?

Problem 2:
What is the freezing point of the milk?
“the milk was all over the ground. It was a cold winter.”
“temperature is below freezing.”
The exact freezing point of milk (also called the melting point) varies slightly according to the individual cow, the breed, the time of day / season that the milk is collected, the type of feed that the cow recieves, etc. The majority of cows produce milk with a natural freezing point of -0.5250 and -0.5650 C, with an average of about -0.5400 C.

Predict Why the Cap Came off the Bottle

Maybe milk is like water. It freezes and expands when the temperature is below a certain temperature.
Therefore, it could be that the milk expanded, while the bottle contracted, causing the bottle to break. However, the milk would not be spilt all over the floor. It would be frozen in a lump.

Do you think the Cold weather had any effect on the milk?

Yes. The cold weather caused the bottle, cap and milk to contract. However, the liquid reached its freezing point and froze while the solids continued to contract. The liquid, upon freezing, expanded, while the solids were contracting. In the end, there is too much pressure between the bottle and frozen milk, resulting in the bottle cracking and breaking.

Conclusion

Water expands upon freezing...

Why does water/liquid/milk expand when frozen?

Water's behavior is caused by its molecule's bonding. One water molecule is made up of two hydrogen and one oxygen atom. Hence, H2O. Because of how the atoms share electrons, a water molecule is slightly positively charged at the hydrogen atoms, and slightly negatively charged at the oxygen atom. The molecule's charged ends attract the oppositely charged ends of other water molecules.
In liquid water, as molecules slip-slide past each other, bonds form, break, and re-form. But by the time water has cooled to 4 C, the molecule's energy has dropped until they are very near one another. So each H2O molecule forms more stable hydrogen bonds, with up to four fellow molecules. By 0 C. (32 F.), the H2O molecules are lined up in a frozen crystal lattice, an open hexagonal (six-sided) shape...

Heat

What is heat?
Heat is the form of energy that can move from a hotter to cooler place.

What is Thermal equilibrium?
In My Own Words,
Thermal equilibrium is equal temperature between two objects.
Heat travels from a hotter to cooler object.
When Thermal Equilibrium occurs,
The temperature of the cooler object rises.
The temperature of the hotter object falls.
This carries on until it reaches equal temperature. This is Thermal Equilibrium...

Extra questions:

What is Static equilibrium?
The special case of mechanical equilibrium of a stationary object is static equilibrium. For example, a paperweight on a desk would be in static equilibrium...
Taken from: Wikipedia.org

What is Dynamic Equilibrium?
Dynamic Equilibrium has a lot of definetions.
1. A condition in which all acting influences are canceled by others, resulting in a stable, balanced, or unchanging system.
2. Mental or emotional balance; poise.
3. Physics. The state of a body or physical system at rest or in unaccelerated motion in which the resultant of all forces acting on it is zero and the sum of all torques about any axis is zero.
4. Chemistry. The state of a chemical reaction in which its forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates so that the concentration of the reactants and products does not change with time.
Taken from: http://www.answers.com/topic/dynamic-equilibrium

What is Convection, Conduction and Radiation

Conduction is the movement of heat through a material without obvious movement of the material itself. (Usually occurs in solids)
Convection is the movement of heat through a material by the movement of itself.(Usually occurs in liquids)
Radiation is the transfer of heat energy through empty space. (Radiation is the only thing that can occur in Vacuums)

Land Breeze and Sea Breeze...When does it occur?
Land Breeze occurs in the Night while Sea Breeze occurs in the Day.

It is all due to conduction and convection. In the day, Sea Breeze occurs. The sea cools faster than the land. The sea is warmed by the sun to a greater depth than the land. The sea therefore has a greater capacity for absorbing heat than the land, so the surface of the sea warms up more slowly than the land's surface.

As the temperature of the land rises, the land heats the air above it. The warm air is less dense and so it rises. This rising air over the land lowers the sea level pressure. The cooler air above the sea, flows towards the land, creating a cooler breeze near the coast. This cycle repeats again.
Land Breeze, which occurs in the night, is the opposite
A: Sea Breeze
B: Land Breeze

Uncle Tom's Milk

Case Study 1
Uncle Tom lives in Frankfurt, Germany. There, milk is delivered in glass bottles to the doorstep of almost every house. Each milk bottle is sealed with a heavy paper cap. The milk bottles have to be brought quickly into the house, especially when outside temperature is below freezing.

One day, Uncle Tom forgot to bring in the milk bottles into the house. When he realized and went out to check on the milk, he found that the bottles were opened and the milk was all over the ground. It was a cold winter.

Problems With the Case Study

Problem 1:
“Each milk bottle is sealed with a heavy paper cap.”
Paper Caps? Shouldn’t it be metal caps?

Problem 2:
What is the freezing point of the milk?
“the milk was all over the ground. It was a cold winter.”
“temperature is below freezing.”
The exact freezing point of milk (also called the melting point) varies slightly according to the individual cow, the breed, the time of day / season that the milk is collected, the type of feed that the cow recieves, etc. The majority of cows produce milk with a natural freezing point of -0.5250 and -0.5650 C, with an average of about -0.5400 C.

Predict Why the Cap Came off the Bottle

Maybe milk is like water. It freezes and expands when the temperature is below a certain temperature.
Therefore, it could be that the milk expanded, while the bottle contracted, causing the bottle to break. However, the milk would not be spilt all over the floor. It would be frozen in a lump.

Do you think the Cold weather had any effect on the milk?

Yes. The cold weather caused the bottle, cap and milk to contract. However, the liquid reached its freezing point and froze while the solids continued to contract. The liquid, upon freezing, expanded, while the solids were contracting. In the end, there is too much pressure between the bottle and frozen milk, resulting in the bottle cracking and breaking.

Conclusion

Water expands upon freezing...

Why does water/liquid/milk expand when frozen?

Water's behavior is caused by its molecule's bonding. One water molecule is made up of two hydrogen and one oxygen atom. Hence, H2O. Because of how the atoms share electrons, a water molecule is slightly positively charged at the hydrogen atoms, and slightly negatively charged at the oxygen atom. The molecule's charged ends attract the oppositely charged ends of other water molecules.
In liquid water, as molecules slip-slide past each other, bonds form, break, and re-form. But by the time water has cooled to 4 C, the molecule's energy has dropped until they are very near one another. So each H2O molecule forms more stable hydrogen bonds, with up to four fellow molecules. By 0 C. (32 F.), the H2O molecules are lined up in a frozen crystal lattice, an open hexagonal (six-sided) shape...